Being Self-Employed free essay sample

Points of interest and impediments of acting naturally utilized Being independently employed methods claiming your own endeavor and running it. On one hand, it may look wonderfully astounding, temptingly simple, very rewarding and a general impeccable arrangement. However, then again, there is a whole other world to it than what meets the eye. Like each beneficial thing throughout everyday life, there are a couple of negative focuses connected to the independent work too. The focal points and disservices are identified with this profession decision. Right off the bat, all the significant burdens of independent work can be added as one major bit of terrible news: no one is dealing with independently employed. There is no large daddy to go to. The independently employed are distant from everyone else and answerable for themselves and regularly for a great deal of others as well. In addition, they are not paid for days off and they should pay for their own medical coverage. There is no kid care appropriation. It isn't sure that each worker has this sort of inclusion and advantages however no independently employed has them. We will compose a custom exposition test on Acting naturally Employed or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page On the off chance that independently employed can't work or there is no work for them they don't get paid. They additionally can't have any significant bearing for joblessness benefits. Notwithstanding, something very similar that makes independent work terrifying is the thing that makes it appealing and gutsy. No one is dealing with independently employed, however as opposed to looking on that as awful news, it becomes as uplifting news: it implies that the independently employed are in control. They are liable for themselves and regularly for others as well. There is no large daddy to instruct them, how to do it and when to do it. Nor would they be able to be terminated. They have more control of their time and life. In this way, on the off chance that they need to work until three toward the beginning of the day the entire week to take four vacation days to go skiing †they can. On the off chance that they need to begin day late so they can eat with companions or family †they can. On the off chance that they are not feeling great and they need to remain at home †they can. On the off chance that they have good thought †they can attempt it. One of the more subtle focal points is the chance of more cash for a similar work. All in all, in spite of the fact that it appears to be a troublesome decision, most astute experts have confronted every one of these contemplations and have concluded that since they will live just a single time, acting naturally utilized is all the more satisfying and progressively fun.

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination in the Milita Essay Example For Students

Inappropriate behavior and Discrimination in the Milita Essay ry Ladies in the U.S. military have consistently had a difficult undertaking; those ladies who actually kicked things off, opened entryways, and settled on the decision of a military vocation simpler for the individuals who followed, were the start. Today the battle is proceeding. Disparity and inappropriate behavior towards ladies keeps on enduring, on the grounds that the militarys authority when confronted with the choice with a scandal history or equity overlooks equity. Ladies merit reasonable treatment, a non-unfriendly condition, and an opportunity to encourage their vocations on an equivalent balance with man. The way that badgering, separation, and rapes are as yet happening in our regarded military in such numbers is shocking. The militarys by and large treatment, absence of regard in dealing with inappropriate behavior allegations and the rehashed concealments of lewd behavior/attack wrongdoings submitted by officers is a national disrespect. In any case, we can just make reparation for past shameful acts, plan to keep them from happening once more, and expectation that tomorrow will be superior to yesterday. To improve tomorrow than yesterday The Uniform code of Military Justice needs a total upgraded. Last refreshed in 1983, the code is deficient with regards to any make reference to of the term lewd behavior. Thought this is a frightening acknowledgment to us regular people, it is all out typical for the military. Inappropriate behavior, however not referenced in the code, is a wrongdoing under Article 134; Article 134 is the trick the entirety of this countries military equity framework, a summary of 55 offenses that the military state are biased to acceptable request and order or prone to welcome ruin on the service(Gross-JusticeK). Article 134 sets up an incredibly exclusive requirement of direct to keep up a methodical battling constrain and forestall maltreatment of intensity in a various leveled framework where people live and cooperate 24 hours every day. Lewd behavior is an offense submitted by the two females and guys in arranged measures; it is predominately dedicated by guys against females. It can happen in an assortment of circumstancesKsome models include: sexual abuse, whistling, heckles, pressure for sexual movement, seeing girly magazines and pinching(FactsK). Simply, inappropriate behavior is any undesirable and unwanted conduct of a sexual sort that makes an unfriendly workplace; normally occupied with by associate or director, which renders the work environment climate scary, hostile and can/will meddle with work execution and gathering union. Lewd behavior is a significant issue and ought not be trifled with; then again, it ought not be removed from control either(FactsK). The military is brimming with political rightness. Warriors and officials continually need to watch what they state. For example, a typical line heard portraying this environment of political rightness is, I cannot converse with this other individual if this other individual is of an alternate culture or an alternate sex. Im entirely awkward. This is normally the situation since what is provocation to one individual is a joke to another. Womens encounters with disparity have been like those of dark men; their joining into the military has likewise varied in a few different ways. Due to our societys central conviction that doing battle is a keeps an eye on work, men from minority bunches have frequently been acknowledged more promptly in the military than ladies. Ladies have been seen as outcasts in this male condition. Separation and provocation happens for ladies since they are entering an all male commanded region. A few regions are as yet limited as a result of it. For instance: serving in direct battle limits, for example, infantry, and Special ForcesXis restricted to men. In spite of the fact that this arrangement is balanced considering one, the physical impediment of ladies; and two, the picture of sending ladies home in body sacks, which no U.S. representative needs also assume praise for. All things considered, this sexual orientation predisposition is a prejudicial strategy, and a constraining of chances for ladies. On the off chance that ladies dont get similar chances to go out and contend, as men do, at that point theyll have a substantially less possibility of arriving at a senior administration position (commanders); which are normally drawn from battle solidified/experienced officials (Baxter). By blocking ladies from the center elements of the military, they characterize ladies as negligible assistance individuals, accordingly cultivating lewd behavior and discrimination(Tailhook Incident 92). .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .postImageUrl , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:visited , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:active { border:0!important; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:active , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9f c68c5a623 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Patriot Act Analysis Essay In 1994, the yearly Navy wide Personnel Survey .

What Is An Academic Essay?

What Is An Academic Essay?A good academic essay is an integral part of a student's educational process. It takes the form of an argument which describes or elaborates on the student's learning experiences and circumstances. This essay is the basis for academic achievement. The entire learning process that goes on in colleges and universities comes about from the academic essay.There are several criteria that need to be taken into consideration before submitting an essay. It should be well written, containing persuasive ideas and opinions which will set the paper apart from other similar works that you have read. A student should always remember that the primary objective of an academic essay is to impart knowledge. Therefore, it should be written in such a way that it will encourage and motivate the reader to ponder over the topic. The main purpose of a student writing a paper is to learn.A thorough understanding of the research methods and procedures is of great importance when it c omes to writing an academic essay. It is therefore essential to know how to do this properly. A student needs to thoroughly understand the methodology and the methodologies used by academics to gather information and also how to frame and present the same in a manner that can make the readers think about it. It is essential to go through books, journals and other sources so as to understand better how scholars and writers write academic essays.When you write an academic essay, you should first of all be sure that you are getting the point across effectively. In addition, you should also have the right perspective is what holds true in writing and carrying out any academic task. It is important to remain objective while writing a paper.Make sure that you understand the points made by your previous students. You should also go through the essays of your earlier students and make a note of the points that they have made. This will help you refine and improve your writing techniques in the future.Writing an academic essay will not be easy for a beginner. A student should know that there is no single right or wrong way to write an essay. Every student is different and has his own preferred ways of writing. The main idea is to create the best possible academic experience for yourself.It is important to take note of the experience and circumstances of your own academic experience and your skills. You should therefore try to find out what makes you special. You should also develop an ability to capture the interest of the reader through the context and tone of your writing.Another important aspect that needs to be taken into consideration while writing an academic essay is the quality of the student's English. The student should try to express his thoughts clearly and efficiently. He must therefore concentrate on getting the best grades as he writes.

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Photograph Alteration

The use of today’s photography technology invites many controversial arguments among the public. Some people have no problem with manipulated pictures, others believe that editing the picture of human being means not to appreciate human as God’s creature. It is commonly known that the majority of the pictures in magazines, billboards, and advertisements in public areas must have gone through the professional photo editing process to be maximized in effectiveness. The pictures are retouched so that it looks much more lively and delightful than the original ones. Using today’s photography technology, we are able to manipulate picture’s appearance into anything we want; it can be extremely fascinating or conversely. For example, you can†¦show more content†¦However, it will be more interesting if the toothpaste advertisement is added with special effect which illustrates the model to have extremely brighter and shinier teeth. Today’s photograp hy technology allows the photo editor to manipulate the picture as if the model had teeth as shiny as diamonds. It also happens in fashion industry, which really counts on the model’s body shape and face. The clothes will look much more fabulous if the body proportion of the model is more appealing. Furthermore, the model’s face has to be able to give a strong character to the picture. By using the photo editing technique, the model will look flawless in the picture. Nevertheless, altering the picture of a person can evoke contradictions. Some people who exceptionally appreciate the natural side of human beauty will feel uncomfortable or even insulted if they see their photos or other’s are being manipulated. They just want to look natural without any advance technology touches. For them, it is better to appear natural than to appear gorgeous because of photo editing. Another argument in using photo editing technology is that often times the technique is used ir responsibly in order to take personal advantage. For example, some irresponsible people manipulate the photo of a person without permission from theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Photography in Flux1596 Words   |  7 Pagesphotographer with a seemingly boundless bevy of image-editing options. As Keith Davis puts it in An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Plate to Digital, it is on the computer screen where the components of these original photographs become completely fluid, open to endless alteration, deletion, and recombination (318). The power of image manipulation and control afforded by the digital media has opened the door on a dynamic visual universe that offers, those eager to meet the challenge, the potentialRead MoreEssay about Intellectual Property Rights and the Piracy War in China3274 Words   |  14 Pageslaw protects written works, oral works, musical work, fine arts, photographs, cinematographic words, drawings of designs, computer software, and etc. The law p rotects works produced by citizens or foreigners in China or other countries. The rights of the copyright owner are also complete comparing to world standards and the US copyright law. The copyright law gives the copyright owner the right to publication, authorship, alteration, integrity, reproduction, distribution, and etc., very similar toRead More Privacy of Digitized Personal Information Essay example3508 Words   |  15 Pagesprivate information is revealed to unscrupulous individuals, who take undue advantage of this information for their own ends. In most cases, this results in loss of credibility or harm to the victims. This is called as identity theft. Therefore, the pros and cons of releasing ones personal information have to be carefully weighed and examined before any hasty so-called remedial actions can be taken. Technology has revolutionized the realm of commerce and industry that we know today. The Internet isRead MoreGender and Advertising7641 Words   |  31 Pagestrillion (Wallace, 2011). Around the world, women are delaying marriage to increase their educational and career opportunities. GENDER AND INFORMATION PROCESSING As discussed in Chapter 2, advertisers provide messages and leave the meaning up to con-sumers to develop. Advertisers are interested in similarities and differences in how men and women receive and evaluate information. One difference involves the actual creation of meaning from a given advertisement. Men look directly at the primaryRead MoreAnalysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in the Banking Sector25289 Words   |  102 Pagesto the International Auditing Guidelines (IAG), fraud can be defined as a particular type of irregularities involving the use of deceit to obtain an illegal or unjust advantage and may involve the following: a. Manipulation, falsification or alteration of records or documents b. Misappropriation of assets c. Suppressing or omitting transaction from records or documents d. Recording transactions without substance and e. Misapplication of accounting policies, if this is intentionalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthis when you paid attention to probabilities and consequences—you weighed the pros and cons—of going or staying. That is, you weighed the benefits and drawbacks. Heres a picture above of what to do. Think of a balance scale in which objects can be placed on either side of the scale. Put the pros on one side and the cons on the other, but assess each one by its significance or weight. After all the pros and cons are assessed this way and added onto the scale, the winner is the side that tiltsRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesconnection with still photography: What, he asks, is the impression of reality produced by the photograph? What, above all, are the limits of photography? These issues, we know, have been raised frequently enough with respect to cinema (indeed, they constitute one of the classic topics of filmology and of the theory of film), but to a much lesser extent with respect to still photography. When we look at a photograph, says Roland Barthes, we do not see a presence being there—for this definition is tooRead MorePractical Guide to Market Research62092 Words   |  249 Pagesmanagement to keep up a dialogue with customers and shareholders. You can use market research to find gaps in markets, assess new opportunities, develop new products and services, assess market potential and diagnose strengths and weaknesses or pros and cons. Market research is also important to not-for-profit businesses, for example in developing new identities for national charities or locating leisure facilities, like a local council’s new swimming pool. The British Market Research Association collectsRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pages-long, 800-km walk from Bhopal. Hindu/ New Delhi/ 29/03/06 Cabinet nod on compensation to Bhopal victims Special Correspondent NEW DELHI: The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the implementation of the 2004 Supreme Court order for disbursement of pro-rata additional compensation on one-on-one basis to victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy. It also decided that the Government will take responsibility for meeting the shortfall of about Rs. 50 crore, as estimated by the Office of Welfare Commissioner.Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesthe Internet, distributed information processing, and other technology. However, with wider access has come the need for greater security to protect employee privacy of certain types of data and to preserve the integrity of the data from improper alteration. A third trend is the growing use of outsourcing of HR activities. Increasingly, HR departmental functions are being examined to determine if outside providers can perform them more efficiently and at lower cost than when done internally. Figure

The Main Influences On Gestalt Psychology - 757 Words

d reflection on the main influences on Gestalt psychology and how they contributed to its development. Since being discovered, gestalt psychology created vital contributions to the psychology of thinking and problem solving influenced by thinkers, including, Immanuel Kant, Ernst Mach and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This paper will reflect on the main influences on Gestalt psychology, their contributions, and the principles of perceptual organization. According to the Merriam-Webster, the definition of gestalt psychology is: the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual s response to configurational wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response One of the main influences on Gestalt psychology , and their ideas influenced the later development of cognitive psychology. The gestaltists argued that understanding mind and behavior could not be achieved by trying to dissect conscious experience into its sensory elements, or by reducing complex behavior to elementary stimulus-response units. Rather, their emphasis was on phenomenologically whole experiences, and before long their movement came to be identified with this catch phrase: The whole of an experience is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Three german gestalt pioneers emigrated from Europe to the US, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Hohler.Show MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Gestalt Psychology1503 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of Gestalt Psychology Phrases such as â€Å"seeing the forest from the trees† and â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts† have roots grounded in the same ideals of Gestalt psychology. These phrases best describe the purpose of Gestalt psychology in how they emphasize focusing on the big picture and not just the colors. The Gestalt concept of perception is how the mind understands the world around it by seeing it in whole forms, not simple elements. The human brain and consciousnessRead MoreGeslalt Psychology1501 Words   |  7 PagesGestalt psychology means unified whole. Gestalt psychology does not look at things as individual elements but as a whole. The three main founders who established the school of gestalt psychology were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka as well as Wolfgang Kohler. The foundations of the Gestalt psychology are perception, memory and learning. Some of the principles of Gestalt psychology are isomorphism, productive thinking as well as reproductive thinking w hich will be elaborated in this essay. One of theRead MoreGestalt And Humanistic Modes Of Thought800 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt and humanistic modes of thought share the idea that people have free-will and are able to make their own choices in life; also, a high importance is placed on a person’s experiences and personal viewpoint (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Phenomenology, or the introspective analysis of whole conceptual experiences, features prominently in both ideologies (Hergenhahn Henley, 2014). Another shared viewpoint is that human beings are unique, and as such there is a limit to what can be learned fromRead MoreThe Physiological And Psychological Workings Of Emotions1592 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness for People Who Can’t Stand Positive Feeling, said, in a blog, that no one actually has a clue what an emotion really is. However, there are theories attempting to define what an emotion is, starting with behaviourism and Gestalt psychology; two of the main schools of thought that have attempted to define an emotion. In the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, behaviourism is said to ‘promote the scientific study of behaviour’ , particularly that of individual persons and animals ratherRead More Empiricism and Behaviorism Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe twentieth century, the field of Psychology found itself in a war between two contending theoretical perspectives: Gestalt psychology versus Behaviorism. With its roots within the United States, behaviorists in America were developing a theory that believed psychology should not be concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. Instead, behavior and the actions of humans would be the foremost concern of psychologists. Across the Atlantic, Gestalt psychology emerged by placing its criticismRead MoreSchool of Thought1108 Words   |  5 PagesPage1 When psychology was first established as a science it separated from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: StructuralismRead MorePananaliksik Sa Filipino797 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology[-0] is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sumRead MoreDescartes Influence on Psychology926 Words   |  4 PagesDESCARTES INFLUENCE ON PSYCHOLOGY Descartes Influence on Psychology DESCARTES INFLUENCE ON PSYCHOLOGY Renà © Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher throughout the mid 1600’s. He is often regarded as the father of modern philosophy; however, his highly influential ideas have also impacted many other scientific fields, including the world of psychology. Descartes contributions in philosophy and biology have had a significant influence on modern psychology. He introducedRead MoreScientific Principles Of The Work Of Wilhelm Wundt Essay966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe work of Wilhelm Wundt; this will be done through looking at his approach to psychology, his lab and the impact he had on psychology in general. The essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the scientific principles. Finally, it will summarize the influence both Wundt and the Gestaltists had on establishing psychology as a science. Scientific principles describe the steps of psychological researchRead MoreAdlerian Therapy and Gestalt Therapy: A Compare and Contrast4370 Words   |  18 PagesCompare contrast Adlerian Therapy and Gestalt Therapy Introduction This paper will carry out a comparative analysis of the two most important psychological therapies, the Adlerian Therapy and the Gestalt Therapy. Adlerian Therapy This therapy was named after Alfred Adler. Some of the main components of a person that are taken into consideration by the therapy include concepts of inferiority, superiority held by a person, social interests, likes and dislikes, lifestyles, priorities and birth

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized - 1815 Words

Ten states authorize same-sex marriage, three states do not recognize nor prohibit same-sex marriage, thirty-seven states prohibit same-sex marriage† (â€Å"Marriage Center†). Same-sex marriage should be legalized in the United States because more people are recognizing that the definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman is outdated and in the United States everyone should be given equal rights, along with that, everyone should be given equal justice, as in, the ability to explain themselves and do as they wish, but same-sex couples cannot do this because, say one of the partners is hospitalized, legally speaking, the hospital does not have to allow the other partner access to the room, because they are not technically considered family, and cannot be considered family legally in a few states. Lately, many people’s opinions have changed when it comes to same-sex marriage, celebrities and politicians as well as every day, ordinary citizens. â€Å"More than two dozen Republicans — including a top adviser to Mitt Romney, the 2012 Republican presidential nominee — have added their names to a legal brief urging the Supreme Court to declare that gay couples have a constitutional right to wed† (Stolberg). Around one hundred years after the fourteenth amendment was authenticated in the year 1868, the Supreme Court collectively decided that marriage is a basic civil right of man. In the case of Loving versus Virginia, in 1967, the ruling ended the ban on interracialShow MoreRelatedShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized?. Same-Sex Marriages2063 Words   |  9 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized? Same-sex marriages should be illegal because the increase of marriages with the same sex has aroused conflicts in society, affects on children, and religiously. Therefore one must halt the proposal. The history of homosexuality has a lot of stories to tell, however, the beginning of it all would begin shortly and oddly. On the Western contemporary concept of homosexuality would relatively currently be considered new during the day of time. Ideas of homosexualityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized . The Same Sex Marriage1723 Words   |  7 Pages Same sex marriage should be legalized The same sex marriage has been widely debated in many countries for a long time. It is an important issue because it concerns basic moral and human rights. People all over the world come to the United States in search of freedom and equality. Being able to marry anyone, no matter the gender, is a freedom of right, but if that freedom of right is taken away from people than there is no equality. Homosexual peopleRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized926 Words   |  4 Pageshave misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a women. biblically, marriage is a life time union of a man and a women, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environments for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) According to Peter Sprigg, same sex marriage should not be legalized because of its immediate and long-termRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized1361 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage has been the topic of an ongoing controversial debate in many countries for a long time now. This is an important issue because it concerns the basic principle of human rights and basic morality. Same sex marriage should be legalized; it is a violation of human rights, there are many misconceptions of same sex individuals, and allowing same sex marriage to be legalized would provide a boost to the economy. There are many misconceptions of homosexual people. A common myth is thatRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized1562 Words   |  7 Pages~ Busse Same-Sex Debate Essay ~ Ever since the time when America studied family values and focused on healthy and important influences, marriage was considered to be between man and woman holding a physical and spiritual bond between each other, not between man and man and woman and woman. Some may see marriage as between two people of the same gender, or what is known as same-sex marriage. This form of marriage became popular in the U.S. during the 1960’s and 1970’s due to the urge of legalizationRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized898 Words   |  4 Pages2015 same sex marriage was legalized in all fifty states. Many arguments have come around about if homosexuality is genetic or if its chosen. Many people think either way and there aren’t many people who are in between thinking that homosexuality is chosen or not. The song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore was released in 2015 when all of the media slowed down about homosexuality and after same sex marriage was legalize d. So when Macklemore released this song more attention came to same sex marriage. ThisRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"date which will live in infamy† just had a child! As of June 26, 2015, same-sex marriage was legalized in all 50 states of America by the Supreme Court from a ruling that barely passed by a 5-4 vote. Wait a minute. Back up. Do you mean to tell me that boys can marry boys now? That girls can marry girls? That it’s legal?! Wake up America! Do you even realize what you have done? You have given gay people the right to marry. To marry! Who in their right mind would give gay people that cherishedRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?945 Words   |  4 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? Regardless of color, ethnicity, culture or religion, marriage has been and always have considered to be a man and a woman. This concern has been a debating and a hot topic currently in the United States p olitics, it is prohibited in a majority of the nation till the President have pass the law for same-sex marriage. With this question, I feel that same sex marriage should not be legalized, but it cannot be banned. I sense that a marriage is intensely betweenRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex couples have been waiting for same sex marriage to be legalized for many decades. According to Ken LaMance, â€Å"One of the first documented challenges to same-sex marriages occurred on May 18th, 1970, where two men applied for a marriage license in Heppenin County, Minnesota† (LaMance). Their request was denied because they felt marriage should be between a man and a woman. Civil Unions were the first step in legalizing same sex marriage. Civil Unions were introduced in 2000 in Vermont. CivilRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized910 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriages also know, as gay/ Lesbian marriage is marriage between peop le of the same sex either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. In the late 20th century. Religious rites of marriage without legal recognition became increasingly common. In the 21st centuries various types of the same-sex unions have come to be legalized. As of 26 June 2015, eighteen countries; Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway

New Product Development in Israel

Question: Describe the New Product Development in Israel. Answer: Introduction Israel's area on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and its created economy gives it an advantageous spot on the planet economy. The development of the country is closely connected with its informed workforce, as research and advancement in numerous areas has spurned development. In terms of area, Israel is a small nation, but at the same time it's a worldwide player thanks to its largest industries. Here are the main four industries in Israel, the strongest parts of the economy. In the accompanying report we lead an intensive research on the Israeli market and assess the possibilities for an Australian food retail monster like Coles to enter the business sector and appreciate the universal business. Situation analysis Study on Business Environment Israel's broad union of fit and innovative people makes it a flawless spot for venture. Depicted by profound enterprise, Israel yields initiating advances, helpful business open doors and high speculation returns. Israel: A flexible international financial system though it's a little country with compelled assets; Israel emerges as one of the world's most forceful economies. Honestly, The World Economic Forum (WEF) situated Israel as the 23th (out of 134) most forceful economy in its 2008-2009 Global Competitive Index(Israel, 2015) Global Economic Agreements Israel has an extensive system of worldwide exchange and monetary collaboration and agreements with countries all through North America, Europe and Asia including: organized commerce agreements, RD programs, and treaties for the evasion of twofold tax collection. Taking after an exhaustive one-sided exchange liberalization program, actualized in the mid 1990's to expose domestic industry to outside rivalry; Israeli exchange arrangement is gone for proceeding with the expansion of its system of reciprocal exchange agreements. Israel's Competitive Edge First in RD savings Israel saves 4.5% of its GDP in RD, which is the uppermost among similar countries(HELPMAN, 2003). Focused Examination That Is The Real Contenders And What Is Their Upper Hand Supermarkets/hypermarkets are slowly, yet steadily, developing at a fast rate in Israel. Conventional food retail channels are being pushed behind as quick urbanization is occurring across the nation. The Israeli food retail industry has been posting modest development lately and it is relied upon to keep on seeing growth possibly at the same rate as this year for a few years ahead. The unmistakable Israeli food retail sector cannot be mistaken and surprisingly it amounts to around 2% of the whole locality. Relatively, the Saudi Arabian and the Emirati industries have a much bigger share in the locale(Bonn, 2002). The Israeli nourishment retail industry is depended upon to accomplish an estimation of just about USD 20 billion preceding the end of 2020.Aruvian Research dissects the Israeli sustenance retail industry in its exploration report Analyzing in Israel the nourishment retail showcase. The Food Retail in Israel can enhance a ton. There is industry advancement as far as worth; industry division by geology, dissemination diverts open in the business and an industry figure till 2019(LeVine, 2012). Dissecting Food Retail in Israel also profiles the industry in a Porter's Five Forces Framework analysis that looks at the industry through the dealing force of buyers and suppliers, aggressive contention in the industry, the very true risk of people substituting the industry or disliking it or there are new competitors. Leader in retail which include- Alon Blue Square, Shufersal and Tiv Taam, Rami Levy Chain Stores etc. are profiled in this report(Lpez, 2006). Toward the start of January 2015, the Advancement of Competition in the Food Sector Law went live and was implemented. This particular law aims to decrease prices by empowering rivalry amongst retailers and suppliers. Support of rivalry between retailers is by constraining outlet organization and the opening of new outlets. This means a specific least distance must be kept between outlets, with a specific end goal to increase the opposition. Focused landscape Shufersal drove basic supply retailers with a worth share of 21% in 2015, which mirrored an increase of one rate point contrasted and 2014. The fundamental reason was the increase in Shufersal Deal outlets in comparison with 2014. Prospects Control is liable to be the element which affects retailers the most in the forecast time frame. As of late rising government mediation was witnessed in the business sector with a specific end goal to support rivalry and lessen consumer prices, both by direction which relates to retailers and by control applying to suppliers. A case of this is the Law for Enhancement of Competition in the Food Sector, which went into power toward the start of 2015. The law is relied upon to influence chains, as it limits their capacity to open and look after outlets. What's more, all retailers will be obliged to publish their prices on the web, with a specific end goal to permit consumers to think about prices and assemble the cheapest shopping truck(Okoli, 2015). Hierarchical examination assessment of the Australian association/item you suggest for this open door what is their upper hand? The Prime Minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, has focused on business sector liberalization efforts to cut down the high cost of living since the issue sparked mass protests in 2011. Governments have since decreased tariffs, approved parallel imports, eased item standards and imposed measures such as the 2015 Food Law to empower more rivalry in the supermarket sector(Neill, 2010). Under measures reported in nearby media in February, import duties will be lessened or dispensed with for fresh meat and fish, fresh and solidified vegetables, yellow cheese, spread, olive oil and tomato paste. For meat, the amount for obligation free imports will be boosted to 40% of the yearly aggregate, and for fish, duties will be sliced significantly to half. Much of the time, the measures will be lasting however in others they will be imposed for six to eight weeks preceding the two primary occasion period. In April this year and also the Jewish New Year will fall during September, the food prices in Israel will go up and there will be shortages in supply. The changes are because of become effective in the coming days. Domestic rural producers and food manufacturers oppose the measures, which they say will cost jobs. Albeit the prices of food items in Israel are higher than maybe a lot of countries and that the prices of products are still growing faster than most other countries. The opponents say that the issue is not an absence of rivalry but rather high neighborhood costs, including nearby taxes. Jewish Kashrut dietary requirements also make an obstacle to some food imports. Another exertion at decreasing food prices also developed in February in the midst of reports that the fund and horticulture ministries are in negotiations with neighborhood farmers to redo Israel's system of ranch support. The arrangement is to supplant the interwoven of import and generation quotas and different mechanisms designed to prop up prices with direct monetary support from 2017. The two sides have all the earmarks of being in expansive understanding, in spite of the fact that the politically intense dairy and egg sector is still waiting. Farmers are seeking yearly guide of NIS 3bn (US$770m), yet the government is wanting to confine the sum to NIS 1bn. Australian Retail giant Coles can be a great business that can make profit by entering the Israeli Food retail industry(Okoli, 2015). SWOT Israel's area is along the Mediterranean Sea. This is elite of the locale of the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank, which were given to the Palestinians with respect to the Peace Process and the Disengagement Plan. Israel has Lebanon in the north, furthermore Syria in the north east, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the immense Gaza Strip and on the southwest. Front line Israel has various outdated locales with progressing archeological burrows. The new revelations identified with antiquarianism and in addition new founding's, precipitous scene, with rich cultivating finding the north, to destroy desert locales in the south. The most minimal spot on the globe, the Dead Sea, is arranged in the south of Israel. Retail organizations, as various organizations, routinely utilize an uncommon examination instrument called the SWOT investigation to survey their organizations. For the retail advertise A SWOT examination is done in a point by point structure and takes nitty gritty perspective of the retailer's qualities, open doors, shortcomings, and dangers versus key rivals in the business focus. Qualities and shortcomings are viewed as inward components that are accepted to loan the retailer better choice of his energy. Open doors and dangers are external elements, which are sure and negative circumstances, separately, that retailers consistently go up against(Comana, 2009). Qualities While one is prepared to play out a SWOT examination as for retail, it is required to painstakingly dismember everything about, incorporates the qualities of the retailer, the financing or reinforcement reserves which can fairly be clarified a noteworthy quality. This additionally implies it has a considerable measure of capital and access to bank advances. Quality may be the retailer's less costly wholesale costs. Moreover, the retail association may offer intriguing items stood out from various retailers. Case in point, a clothing store may offer high bore yet somewhat defective clothing with ease. Whatever the case, a retailer ought to make a rundown of each one of its qualities versus key contenders(Oreski, 2012). Shortcomings Right when reporting shortcomings, the retail location or association ought to begin with its most unmistakable shortcomings. For example, through measurable studying, the retailer may have found it has a weak brand picture versus key contenders. The retailer may likewise don't have a character. Case in point, the store may offer shabby and costly brands. It may likewise be inadequate in client administration. Basically, the store has no high ground that sets it isolated from various retailers. Retailers ought to rundown all shortcomings, and afterward make upgrades as required(Berkowitz, 2016). Open doors Perceiving the key open doors in connection to the business area is likewise a critical stride another progression for a SWOT examination. There are a load of chances a retailer may find through both its deals compel and measurable looking over... Case in point, a little web plan association may see an opportunity to incorporate counseling administrations, if it has clients that craving it. Then again a retail association may have the opportunity to buy a littler retailer to build bit of the general business(Oreski, 2012). Dangers A retailer can recognize certain dangers through a SWOT investigation. The Threats of doing a retail business in Israel can be the nonattendance of suitable work and the risk from various contenders. There can likewise be comparative and various distinctive reasons, like a subsidence, esteem wars among key contenders, diminish in buyer solicitation, or substantially more noticeable contention. To be sure, even an alteration in shopping propensities can be an important threat to a retailer and the adjustments in the way Israeli people are looking retail makes it an explanation behind(Orbelian, 2009).Retailers ought not simply recognize their qualities, open doors , shortcoming, and dangers; it is fundamental they should likewise utilize their rundowns to make different advancing methodologies. This is best refined by organizing an inside variable, like qualities, to an outside variable, like open doors. Israeli organizations can use showcasing traps to expand deals and benefits throug h the Internet. Conclusion The Israels food retail industry is slowly but steadily seeing exceptional growth and its all the more fruitful for large international supermarket chains to enter the Israeli market. The changing pattern of shopping for the people at Israel is making the way clear for big Australian retail giants like Coles a prospective market to invest in. with the various industries, Israel might be a small country but it is surely has a nice chance of developing a highly successful food retail business. Since the economy if Israel is quite strong and it is a high performing one, Coles and even other retail industries would do well. Though the population of Israel is low but they surely possess a great economic position for the development of a retail industry. References Berkowitz, E. N. (2016). Essentials of Health Care Marketing. European Journal of Management . Bonn, A. F. (2002). AFB-Info. AFB. Comana, A. (2009). Focused SWOT: diagnosing critical strengths and weaknesses. International Journal of Production Research. Vol. 47 , 1-10. HELPMAN, E. (2003). ISRAELS ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON. Israel Economic Review , 1-10. Israel, G. S. (2015). Geological Survey of Israel Current Research .. Geological Survey of Israel. LeVine, M. (2012). Struggle and Survival in Palestine/Israel. University of California Press. Lpez, F. J. (2006). Strategic management and business strategy. International Journal of Business Environment , 5-45. Neill, M. (2010). Coles: The Coles Family of Prince Edward Island, 1809-2009. Coles Genealogy Committee,. Okoli, C. (2015). The internet competitive landscape: insights from organisational ecology. International Journal of Business Environment , 1-10. Orbelian, G. I. (2009). SWOT Analysis of the National Innovation System in Georgi. The Journal of Economic History , 5-15. Oreski, D. (2012). Strategy development by using SWOT. TEM Journal Volume 1 / Number 4 , 89-96.

Recommendations to CEO

Decision making is an important element in running organizations. Everything that takes place in organizations is influenced by decision making processes which are conducted by the top employees such as chief executive officers, directors, managers and head of departments. Some decisions are easier to make than others due to their uniqueness. For example, some are made by single individuals while others involve more than one individual (Koller, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations to CEO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those which involve several individuals are characterized by consultations which must take place in order for the parties to reach agreements. This usually happens in order to ensure that the operations of organizations are not affected by the processes. Major decisions in organizations require the parties involved in the processes to conduct prior research to identify which are affected because decisions have both merits and demerits (Chapman, 2010). In order to handle difficult decision making processes that touch on employee relations in organizations, certain criteria are followed. By doing this, all potential problems associated with the decisions made are analyzed. In the case being analyzed in this paper, a CEO for a shipping company is preparing to get into a new contract with a labor union. However, he/she has to make a difficult decision regarding some of the employees in one of the departments who use drugs. There use of drugs is associated with accidents in plants which cost the company huge sums of money in compensation. Although he/she feels that all new and existing employees should undergo drug testing, the union is opposed to the move. As a result, certain recommendations are important in order for him to make the right decision. The first recommendation that needs to be adopted is that all employees are supposed to undergo the drug testing . This is because there is no precedent in the company that influences the process. In its history, the company has never registered cases of drug abuse thus no employee has been exposed to such a process before. The process is fair because it includes all of them without any discrimination. As a result, they are all entitled to the same treatment during the process. The situation would have been different if the company had experienced issues of drug abuse among employees earlier. In such a situation, it would have been compelled to take caution not to set a different precedent from the existing one. This strategy is based on the first recommendation that it is important for the company to consider any existing precedents. The second recommendation that is important in dealing with the case is that the company needs to consider making a new policy that requires all employees to be tested for drug use. This is because it is important to find a lasting solution for the problem in ord er to avoid a repeat of the accidents associated with use of drugs among employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is based on the recommendation that it is important to establish whether the issue being dealt with is a one-time issue or a new policy being introduced. In this case, establishing this as a new policy is appropriate for the company. The third recommendation that the company needs to consider is the identification of the legal issues that might be involved in the process. Drug abuse is of concern to the government in its bid to control the problem hence certain legal issues must be observed. For example, the treatment sessions that the company wishes to offer employees who turn positive are supposed to be conducted under certain legal guidelines issued by the bodies concerned with drug abuse (Gordon Cumberlege, 2007). This ensures that the CEO does not ma ke any decision that has legal implications for the company. During the process, it is important to seek advice from drug and law experts in order to make the right decisions. This is based on the recommendation that legal issues that might determine the decision-making process are supposed to be considered. The fourth recommendation that is important in dealing with the case is that certain benefits are supposed to be included for employees who willingly denounce use of drugs and assist those still in the habit to stop. By doing this, the company is able to counter the losses incurred as a result of drug use among employees. When employees who use drugs abandon the habit openly, this motivates their colleagues in similar situations to do the same. The idea is supposed to be sustained through rewards to such employees. This strategy is based on the recommendation that the decision process should be dominated by mechanisms that bring long-term benefits to the company. When employees participate in elimination of drug abuse, the company benefits in the long-run. The last recommendation that is important for the company is that there is need to initiate a campaign within and outside the company to educate people on the impacts of drug abuse. During such campaigns the health and financial implications of drug use are supposed to be analyzed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations to CEO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This strategy helps to counter the negative perceptions that the outside community may have after the idea of testing employees for drugs is adopted. The strategy is based on the recommendation that the impacts of the decision on outside community should be analyzed. References Chapman, A. (2010). problem-solving and decision-making. Retrieved from https://www.businessballs.com/problem-solving-and-decision-making/decision-making-and-problem-solving/ Gordon, L., Cumberl ege, P. (2007). Introduction to Legal Issues for Entrepreneurs. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Koller, G. (2005). Risk Assessment And Decision Making In Business And Industry: A Practical Guide. New York: Chapman Hall/CRC. This essay on Recommendations to CEO was written and submitted by user Tucker Rush to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Poe

Poe The plot and point of view used in Edgar Allen Poe's short story, "The Pit and the Pendulum," makes the book so enjoyable to readers because it brings out the many fears men have and make them seem as reality. Those fears include death and torture. The book, though, would not be as accomplished as it is if Poe had not used first person point of view. The combination of the fears used in the plot and the point of view make an unbelievable placing the reader in the story instead of making the reader just another spectator.The point of view chosen by the author is very important to the success of the story. If the point of view does not flow with the story told, then the probability of that story being liked by readers is slim to none. In "The Pit and the Pendulum", Poe matches the point of view and the subject to best suit the readers interest.English: Pit and pendulum Pub on Victoria Street 2...

Business game modified assignmen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business game modified assignmen - Essay Example This company has gained great praise due to its ability to maintain its name in Europe as a car-manufacturing corporation. The corporation has endeavoured to produce high quality cars by using high technology. The company has also managed to remain stable in the competitive European market. In order to fit in the market, the company created an initiative of assessing its target customers, with the aim of acquiring maximum profits from their business initiative. Effective marketing ensures competitive advantage by appealing to consumer values and preferences (Porter 1985; Porter, 1987). At the commencement of the project, our team embarked on a mission to maximise the company’s profits by weighing the shareholders’ investment. At the end of Round 4, our group had managed to acquire about four percent of the market share inclusive of the City and Large car. Our company is keen to check the profit and losses incurred by VICA. Focus on the workers’ demands is among t he company’s major concerns, which it does in order to develop a rapport between the management and the workers, as well as to keep the company on its toes. The target group of the company’s City car falls below 25 years of age while the Large car is aimed at persons between the ages of 41-55 years. In terms of the City car the vehicle is suitable for short distances and is affordable for young people. On the other hand, the Large car is suitable for older people who need to carry luggage of varying sizes and move over longer distances. The forecast for Round 1 can be summarised in the table on the following page. The table is inclusive of sales, profits and balance. The forecast for the City car stood at 53300b while that of the large car was 40950b. CASH FLOW FORECAST Cash In Cash Out Opening Bank Balance ?500,000,000.00 Sales Income ?1,628,805,750.00 Total Material Cost ?1,211,774,167.50 Total Labour Cost ?47,000,000.00 Total Overheads ?242,508,062.56 Factory Cost ? 650,000,000.00 Automation Expenditure ?17,500,000.00 Tax Payment ?38,392,055.98 Net Interest Payment ?0.00 Bank Balance before Loan -?77,918,536.04 Loan Requested ?200,000,000.001 Closing Bank Balance ?122,081,463.96 Company Performance Round 1 Forecast Model based on production, sales and bank balances pre- and post-loan Production 94,250 Sales ?1,630 m Post-Tax Profit ?86.9 m Bank Balance Before Loan ?- 77 m Bank Balance After Loan ?123 m The process of launching the cars into the European market was a complex task that needed to consider elements of establishing an appropriate pricing model, determining manufacturing capacity, the volume of labourers required, and profit/loss projections based on cost recognition. Strategies for launch included first identifying key market characteristics associated with lifestyle and preferences for small/large cars along with environmental attitudes. Market Share Analysis, Gross Margin and Post-tax Profit Round 1 Overheads Overheads Income Cost Fixed Overheads ?128,958,062.56 Market Promotion ?55,000,000.00 Research & Development ?48,700,000.00 Training Cost ?940,000.00 Total Overheads ?233,598,062.56 Budget capabilities, which maintained oversight related to loan procurement as a failure to include loan capital in the figures, dictated limited production capabilities due to overhead and other associated factors related to economies of scale and capital availability. The first production run for Citzen cars was 53,300 whilst larger cars were to be produced

Culture and Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Culture and Organization - Essay Example Additionally, organizational culture extents its manifestation in ways which an entity allows for autonomy and freedom of making decisions, personal expression, and development of new ideas. Organizational culture gives a clear outline on how information and power flows through its set channels and influences strengths of employees by encouraging commitment towards the organization’s collective goals (Stallman, 2010:4). The culture of an organization is crucial since it affects its productivity and performance mechanism and provides guidelines suitable for establishing an appropriate customer service channel, product quality, and safety. Introduction Southwest Airlines Company is a low cost, American airline that has its base in Dallas, Texas. According to articles published the company’s public relations office, the company came into being in 1967. It adopted its company name in 1971 and by the fifth day of June 2011, documented evidence revealed that the airline is th e largest in the United States basing the data on number of domestic passengers that it carried (Kelly, 2009:22). Despite the fact that the airline operated Boeing 727 aircraft for a very time in the years between 1970s and 1980s, between this stated period and 2012 the scooped identity of the sole airline that operates Boeing 737. In addition to that, by the last day of September 2011, this airline became the world’s largest operator of 737 recording over 550 of these aircrafts already in operation whereby, each operated an average of six flights in a single day. Following its performance and uniqueness, this paper warranted it an intense research based on its organizational culture (Khastar, 2011:2). As such, this paper will seek to analyze the culture of the Southwest Airlines using and applying theoretical frameworks used in the study of organizational culture such as those developed by Schein and Harrison. The concept of organizational culture With reference to Schein th eoretical framework, the processes whereby the Southwest Airlines became the largest Boeing 737 operator in America and globally as well, led it reproduce its systems and practices of management in order to gain competitive advantages over other airlines eyeing the same uniqueness. Nevertheless, despite the fact that it sough to reproduce its management practices as closely as possible, the results were rarely compatible. Generally, the managers encountered issues they did not have to face in the operating environment (Achtmeyer, 2002:2). This is the reason as to why the first notions of culture used by the managing team were so similar to those deployed by the company with the view of defining the national culture. At this point, the development of the concept of organizational culture was ultimately polemic as opposed to what took place with other theoretical constructs such as organizational climate. Scholarly research reveals that, the concept of an organizational culture is a t hing borrowed from basic social sciences, mainly sociology and anthropology (Flamholtz and Randle, 2011:83). As opposed to organizational climate, which is a product of a conducted research, the concept of an organization is a construct embedded in the theoretical framework that employs the use of organizational environment and academics to listen to management theory (Bundgaard, Bejjani, and Helmer, 2006:16). Given the power of the Southwest

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay Ethics, or more accurately, the lack of ethics, on the part of business and government leaders has lately received significant attention in the mass media and has been a topic of discussion among the public, as well as the different organizations in the world (Peppas 2002). Business ethics has gained the attention of many scholars and executives in both private and public sectors because of many unethical practices that are being reported. This includes the cases of large multinational organizations including Enron (Rashid Ibrahim 2007). This is the reason why many studies about cultural differences and business ethics have been implemented in the past years. This literature review is conducted in order to analyze and evaluate the arguments regarding the different aspects that are related with business ethics and differences in cultures. Implications of Business Ethics The concept about ethics is considered as a complex matter because it is predicated on an interchange of views regarding the belief systems of individual among the citizens of any culture (Svensson Wood 2003). The study of business ethics and its connection for the stakeholders of organizations have experienced fast growth in the past few decades. The literature about business ethics is divided on its views regarding the motivation and the cause for organizations to have their ethical dimension. The study of Harrison (2001) showed that there are two main schools of thoughts first are those who suggest that firms are operating in order to generate profit, therefore, business ethics is considered as another means of attracting the customers, while the second are those who supported some corporate conscience as well as inherent motivation for the implementation of business ethics. On the other hand, Paul (2001) considered business ethics are very subjective in nature because it is a function of time and culture therefore, the business ethics have changed, together with the cultural values and norms motivated the business ethics in the national and regional boundaries. The study of Hofstede (1983) is considered as one of the most important studies which show the differences of countries or nations in terms of cultures and values. The study showed that there are 4 vital indicators which include individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity which shows great differences in the culture among different nations. The study of Vinten (1991) divided the issues of business ethics in different degree, which include international business, domestic business and professional ethics. Each level constitute for different level of some unethical activities perform by organizations and businesses. Even though, there are many studies which show importance of ethics, and even though it is being followed by different organizations, there are still many reasons and disapproval of adoption of ethics in the world of business. This is connected to the study of Stemberg (1994) which focuses on the case of rejected relativism. It stated that ethics is seen as excessively theoretical, at the same time, contradict the primary reason of any business and it is also lacking of direction in terms of harmony across the different cultures. Business Ethics and Cultural Differences One of the challenges that business ethics is facing is the impact of globalization. As a result, it is common nowadays, for business managers and employees to work with and for people from different nations and races which represents many different cultural values. It is important to consider that culture affects virtually all of the aspects of the business relationship. This is because one aspect, that of business ethics, can cause huge conflict and gross misunderstanding between individuals who do not share the same backgrounds (Sims 2006). With this, the attitudes of individual towards the business ethics may be different greatly even within one culture that trying to come to an agreement across cultures can become nearly impossible. Thus, it may be that an agreement on ethics across cultures is not even recommended (Donaldson Dunfee 1999). Furthermore, in culturally homogenous groups, there is a greater possibility that values of individual members of the team will match. Howev er, because the because of the growing number of cross-cultural organizations, it is important to focus on this subject. Business ethics can be seen as a function of culture because the evolution of culture in the environment of the business will surely affect the acceptable and unacceptable actions inside and outside the organization. Different studies across cultures have been performed in the literature of ethics on the international level such as: Jakubowski et al., 2002; Fisher et al., 2001; Seitz, 2001; and Singhapakdi et al., 1999; and the national level which include Peppas Peppas, 2000; and Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 1999 (Svensson Wood 2003). The study of Singhapakdi Rawwas (1999) shows that the business ethics are considered as essential in the international business, because the culture of individual affect their ethical decisions. It presented that there are some vital differences between the countries, thus it is important to focus on those in order to ensure success of organizations. In connection, Vinten (1998) argues that business ethics has the possibility to become a vital factor of corporate strategy and culture, thus it must be considered in internal and external ethical audit. On the other hand, the study of Hood and Longsdon (2002) showed the similarities and differences of cultural values of managers in three countries. The result showed that one of the vital components of culture is ethics. Therefore, this factor of culture survives as a possible strong influence towards the success of the organizations in the entire marketplace. Bucar Glas (2002) expand a conceptual framework for the evaluation of the cross-cultural differences in the ethical attitudes of business people that are based on the theory of social contract. The result of the study showed that prognostic of the degree of the ethical attitudes among the societies and they focus on the more delicate influence of many social institutions on the ethical attitudes of different groups within the society. On the other hand, according to Sen (1997), in the concept of the role of cultures in the m otivating norms of the behavior of business, it is important to be familiar with the compound structures of principles of business, at the same time, focuses on the wide-ranging contact of sentiments. Business Ethics Theory and Practice Gap The article of Stark (1993) presented the gap between the theory and practice in business ethics. According to Stark (1993) academic researches about business ethics failed to present useful guidance towards the managerial decision-making regarding the different ethical issues. Particularly, this applies on the added urgency that some of the most complex ethical issues which happen in the international arena. This was supported by Dean (1998) who stated that the field of business ethics must also include a service aspect if it is to be considered as the profession of business ethics. This focuses on the qualification of business ethics as profession. Thus, the question lies on the capability of the business ethics as the leading or conducting behavior in the business world, thus, it pertains on whom the field of business ethics is focusing. In addition, the international business ethics can only be deemed a profession based on its tangible and existing advantage towards the actual or real-world risks and threats. Conclusion Business ethics is a vital aspect in any organization and business. This is because it enables them to focus on planning and implementing rules and regulations, standards and policies that will be beneficial to everyone by applying what is right and what is with accordance to the law. However, because of globalization, business ethics is facing different criticism and possible problem. This is because of the fact that culture affects how an individual or group perceives one thing or situation as good or bad. Therefore, it is important to focus on the different cultural factors in order to ensure future success of business world. Annotated Bibliography Morgan, E 1998, Navigating Cross-Cultural Ethics: What Global Managers Do Right To Keep From Going Wrong, Butterworth-Heinemann. This is a textbook which shows the personal stories of managers who are running global business. It focuses on analyzing the different dilemmas that global managers are facing in terms of ethical leadership in international business. Svensson, G Wood, G 2003, The Dynamics of Business Ethics: a Function of Time and Culture Case and Models, Management Decision, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 350 361. This is a journal which examines the construct of ethics as a whole and of the business ethics in specific manner. Furthermore, it also offers a theoretical discussion of the dynamics of ethics in the society and in the marketplace. Gannon, M Newman, K 2002, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, Wiley-Blackwell. This textbook offer an overview of the different major research perspectives about cross-cultural management and ethics, it includes theories about ethics and cultures, together with how it can be applied in the real-world. Ferrell, O C, Fraedrich, J Ferrell, L 2006, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Cengage Learning. This textbook presents complex environment where in the managers face different ethical decision making. This include how cultural differences can affect how managers and members of the company perceive changes and decisions inside the company. Weiss, J 2008, Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach, Cengage Learning. This textbook presented the different issues that are related with the business ethics. This includes information about the impact of differences in cultures among different nations working in the business environment. Katsioloudes, M Hadjidakis, S 2007, International Business: A Global Perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann. This textbook enables to present the different theories and changes going on in the business environment in international arena. This will be helpful in order to locate information which pertains on the different challenges which global managers will be facing in terms of decision-making.

Hydropower’s Unintended Consequences Essay -- Renewable Energy Environ

Hydropower’s Unintended Consequences As more emphasis is being brought to renewable energy, hydroelectric power is often seen as a viable and clean alternative energy source. Hydro electric has been a longstanding source of power for this and many other countries. In the 1940s dams were supplying 40% of our nation’s electricity, and now they only generate about 10% (science bulletins). Hydro power can be a clean alternative to fossil fuels; however it should not be considered an environmentally friendly alternative of energy production. Dams built for hydroelectric production have had staggering effects on the ecosystems of which they invade, both aquatic and terrestrial, and have rippling effects linked to ecosystems far outside the site of the dam itself. Dams can have adverse effects on water quality, fish species, migration of aquatic animals, and can create biological isolation by cutting off access of species from one side of the dam to the other. Dam building took off in the United States after World War Two. This can be seen in the official slogan of the Bureau of Land Reclamation: â€Å"Our Rivers: Total Use for Greater Wealth† (science bulletins). Since then, the ambitious dam building is fully noticeable. â€Å"At least 68,000 large dams, and up to 2 million small dams, block virtually every American waterway† (science bulletins). The most highly hydroelectrically developed river in the country being the Colorado River (Lang). A river that drains over 259,000 square miles and flows through seven states (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Wyoming, and Utah) as well as one Canadian province, is dammed by over 400 dams (Lang). These dams create endless barrages for aquatic water life in what... ...worth the environmental toll it takes, and if it is worth the decimation of any particular species. Bibliography Natural Resources Council of Maine (NRCM). Edwards Dam and Kennebec Restoration. Accessed March 29 from: http://www.nrcm.org/issue_edwardsdam.asp Lang, Bill. Columbia River. Accessed march 28 from: http://www.ccrh.org/river/history.htm Banks, John. Penobscot River project gets two boosts. Portland Press Herald, Thursday, February 1, 2007. Accessed march 28 from: http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/viewpoints/editorials/070201penob.html Science Bulletins. Kennebec Dam Removal. Accessed march 28 from: http://sciencebulletins.amnh.org/biobulletin/biobulletin/story1206.html Penobscot River Restoration Trust. Penobscot River Watershed History. Accessed April 1 from: http://www.penobscotriver.org/content/4004/The_River/

The Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsement in Advertising

Advertising is one of the most effective strategies of non-price competition, that’s why it is closely associated and widely used in terms of monopolistic competition. Companies in monopolistic competitive market can not sell more of their differentiated product without lowering the price. Thus, advertising is a great instrument to gain more customers and increase the sales without cutting the price. Despite of different views on economic effectiveness of advertising, modern large companies in monopolistic competition spend millions of dollars for promotion of own brands, goods or services. It is a known tactic to employ celebrity endorsement for advertising own product. In particular, for many years Michael Jordan has been appearing in Nike ads, and the products of this company are associated with Jordan on global scale. Many companies use a celebrity or athlete for advertising its goods or services because celebrity endorsement attracts more attention of target audience, as well as it increases credibility and improves reputation of the brand in customers’ eyes, leading eventually to higher sales. Specialists comment that celebrity is already a known brand, and his/her endorsement of the product helps to make it more popular. â€Å"You have the core brand and then you have the celebrity brand, and, when that confluence is positive, the impact can be tremendous† (Storey, 2006). In my opinion, participation of professional athletes in ads of certain brands can be considered quite convincing and effective from two perspectives. First of all, only successful powerful companies, which offer mostly first-class quality products, can afford inviting famous sportsmen (like Michael Jordan or David Beckham) to advertise their goods. Besides, sport is a passion of people of different ages. Both children and adults around the world love sports very much, and that’s why target audience of such advertising is very large. Nevertheless, recently British specialists found out that currently the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement is firmly decreasing (BBC News, 2007). References Celebrity Ads' Impact Questioned. (2007, February 27). BBC News. The British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from ;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/6400419.stm;. Storey, L. (2006, October 12). Seeing Stars. The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2008.

Essay about The Changing Role and Status of Women in...

The Changing Role and Status of Women in Britain Since 1900 1. Before 1900, women had generally stayed in the home. From the Middle Ages to 17th Century, they had been involved in cottage industries like making gloves. Early in the industrialisation period, women were sent down coalmines, because they cost less, but later on when rules and regulations were set over hours and safety, women were pushed back into the home because men could work harder for longer hours. Around the end of the 19th Century teaching, nursing and shop work became more common professions for women, and for those who were well-educated, clerical work. However, a woman still had to leave work when she married, and was paid†¦show more content†¦Richer women had other problems, they were mainly educated for marriage - laying tables etc - and when they did marry, they became entirely dependant on their husbands. If women got the vote then they would be able to pt pressure on the government for other rights, like looking after their own finances. This was excellent for improving the situation of women but not so good for some men who had a great interest in things staying the same, men might have to share more of the power and money with women, and marring someone with a rich family would no longer assure them of their wifes inheritance. The most influential woman for much of the 19th Century was Queen Victoria, who also thought women shouldnt get the vote. She was devoted to her husband and gradually began to depend on him completely, a perfect role model for Victorian women. She thought womens suffrage was mad, wicked folly. There was absolutely no way women would get the vote with these attitudes from both sexes, and even though society was changing, it was doing so far too slowly for women to get the vote anytime in the next 50 years or more. 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Prison Rehabilitation Comparison - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4769 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Prison Works. Discuss. Websters dictionary defines prison as ‘a place of confinement especially for lawbreakers; specifically: an institution (as one under state jurisdiction) for confinement of persons convicted of serious crimes. The idea and reasoning behind prison has been an issue of great controversy especially in the 20th century. It has been greatly criticised due to its apparent lack of rehabilitation and early releases of paedophiles and rapists, especially in recent news with the release and re-offence of known paedophile Craig Sweeny. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prison Rehabilitation Comparison" essay for you Create order However recent data and statistics have shown a significant decrease in levels of crime both in the UK and US. This paper will attempt to give a balanced argument both in support and against the imprisonment system and attempt to answer whether or not prison does in fact work. Prison systems across the world will be looked at and a comparison will be made between systems in the UK and those in other countries. There is a lot of evidence in the form of statistics which shows a decrease in levels of crime and re-offending. Evidence from the US shows that as the likelihood of going to prison increases crime decreases. In the UK statistics show that increasing likelihood of getting caught and being put in prison reduces crime. However there is also the issue of there being serious flaws in statistics offered by the British Crime Survey (BCS). The BCS focuses on crime against an individual, thus eliminating all crime against a business or organisation, including fraud. It fails t o take into account victimless crimes such as drug offences and crimes such as murder where the victim cannot, for obvious reasons, be interviewed. Rape and other sexual offences are not included, an acknowledgement that many respondents would be unwilling to disclose this information. Crimes against people under the age of 16 are also excluded removing large numbers of crimes that are common among this age group, such as mobile phone theft and child abuse. There was also a significant change in the way methodology was carried out as new offences were added to categories of crime in April 1998. No distinction was made between new and old offences which made comparing new statistics to old rather difficult. This shows statistics and figures referring to crime should be taken in to account rather carefully as it is difficult to see whether this data is accurate. The Government has set out to reduce crime, but the evidence from a study comparing the policies pursued in the USA w ith those in England and Wales suggests it has adopted the wrong policies. From the early 1980s until the mid-1990s the risk of imprisonment increased in the USA and the crime rate fell; while in England and Wales the opposite happened: the risk of imprisonment fell and the crime rate increased. Then, from 1993, policy in England and Wales was reversed and the risk of imprisonment increased, though it remained historically low. Even this relatively small increase in the use of prison was followed by a reduction in crime. How do we compare with Europe? During 2002, concern about prison overcrowding led Britains senior judge, Lord Woolf, to discourage judges and magistrates from sending criminals to jail. When he made his statement the BBC television news announced that the prison population was rising when crime was falling and Britain already had more people in jail per head of population than the rest of Europe. The implication is that judges and magistrates are deploying a rather barbaric instrument when everyone else in Europe prefers a more gentle approach. But a closer look at the figures suggests a different interpretation. The proper comparison is not between the number of prison inmates and the total population, but between the number of prisoners and the volume of crime. A country with a high level of crime would expect to have to put more people in jail. And England and Wales have one of the highest crime rates among industrialised countries. (See above.) In the EU the average number of prisoners per 100,000 popu lation (unweighted) in 2001 was 87, compared with 129 in England and Wales. But if we compare the number of prisoners to the number of recorded crimes the EU average was 16.9 and the figure for England and Wales was 12.1. In fact, 8 out of 15 EU countries had rates of imprisonment for every 1,000 crimes that were the same or higher. Comparison with countries outside Europe reveals a similar pattern. In 1999, Canada had 123 prisoners per 100,000 population compared with England and Wales, but 15.9 prisoners per 1,000 recorded crimes. Japan had only 43 prisoners per 100,000 population but 25.3 per 1,000 recorded crimes. Australia, which had the worst crime victimisation rate out of the 17 countries in the International Victims of Crime Survey, had 108 prisoners per 100,000 population and 15.4 per 1,000 crimes. On this evidence prison in England and Wales is under-used. But does overseas experience suggest that greater use of prison would reduce crime? The best available evidence compares England and Wales with the United States, below. The Government Line The Government claims to be cracking down on crime. In the foreword to the white paper, Justice for All (July 2002), authored by the Home Secretary, the Lord Chancellor, and the Attorney General, tough language was used to back up this claim: Too few criminals are caught or convicted or prevented from reoffending. Justice denied is justice derided. This White Paper is designed to send the strongest possible message to those who commit crimes that the system will be effective in detecting, convicting and properly punishing them. But does the evidence suggest that the Government has adopted the best methods for reducing crime? For at least 20 years until 1993 the Home Office was strongly opposed to the use of prison, but when Michael Howard became Home Secretary the use of prison was increased for a time against the wishes of officials. Subsequently this policy reversal was weakened and the long-standing bias against prison continues to influence policy today. Custody, in the words of Justice for All, has an important role in punishing offenders and protecting the public, but it is expensive and should be limited to dangerous, serious and seriously persistent offenders and those who have consistently breached community sentences.(1) However, the old Home Office policy of reducing the use of prison has been tempered by acknowledgement that community sentences do not adequately protect the public. This realism has led the Government to the search for tough community sentences that are a credible alternative to custody, including community sentences with multiple conditions like tagging, reparation and drug treatment and testing. It is imperative, according to the Government, that we have a correctional system which punishes but also reduces reoffending through the rehabilitation of the offender.(2) Consequently, a genuine third option is also needed in addition to custody and community punishment. The planned new sentences combine community a nd custodial sentences. The list includes a modified suspended sentence called Custody Minus, under which offenders will be automatically imprisoned if they fail to comply with the conditions of the sentence. Custody Plus involves closer supervision by the Probation Service on release for those sentenced to up to three months in prison. The period of custody and supervision combined will be not more than 12 months in total. Intermittent custody is designed for low-risk offenders and involves serving time at weekends or overnight, but working or training during the day. Seven aims of sentencing are listed in the white paper: to protect the public, to punish, to reduce crime, to deter (others as well as the criminal), to incapacitate, to reform and rehabilitate, and to promote reparation. In the heyday of the anti-prison consensus at the Home Office, incapacitation and punishment were very much out of favour. Some even denied that prison had a deterrent effect, preferring to regard all criminals as victims of social forces. The list shows how opinion at the Home Office has progressed. But has it absorbed all the lessons revealed by the evidence from overseas? If the Government really thinks that too few criminals are caught or convicted or prevented from reoffending and, if the real aim of policy is to send the strongest possible message to those who commit crimes that the system will be effective in detecting, convicting and properly punishing them, would an independent and rational person choose the policies set out in Justice for All? What evidence is available? If we increase the rate at which criminals are caught, convicted and imprisoned, can we expect crime to fall? Two kinds of experiment would allow this theory to be tested. First, two countries would need to pursue opposite policies: one would need to reduce the risk of punishment and another to increase it. If it is true that crime falls when the risk of punishment increases, then crime wi ll rise in the country that reduces the risk of being caught, convicted and imprisoned. Or, second, a single country would need to reverse its policy, either by increasing or decreasing the risk of punishment, to allow an historical comparison of the impact on crime to be made. In the social sciences opportunities for such experiments are rare, but for once we are lucky and both an international comparison and a single-country historical comparison are possible. We can compare the USA with England and Wales from 1981-1996 and we can contrast the impact of the anti-prison policy in England and Wales up to 1993 with the effects of the increased use of prison thereafter. The policies pursued in England and Wales were very different from those adopted in America during the 1980s and 1990s. In America over the whole period, a vigorous effort was made to incarcerate more criminals. As a result crime fell dramatically. In England and Wales, however, the Home Office pursued an anti-pr ison policy up to 1993, preferring community sentences. During this period crime increased dramatically. After that date, criminals faced an increase risk of imprisonment. Crime subsequently fell. Ann Widdecombe undisputedly a conviction politician answered the question posed on law and order by the Howard League for Penal Reform with characteristic speed. Speaking on the Tory party conference fringe, the shadow home secretary said simply Yes to the question Does prison work? Of course it does, she continued speaking in a packed hotel function room in sunny Bournemouth. When people are locked up they cant commit any further crime, she said. By taking the persistent offenders off the streets the one-time Home Office minister said a significant dint could be made in the crime figures. But enough of incarceration. Miss Widdecombe quickly changed tack. Prison does not do anything like as much as it should to prevent crime. It only defers crime, it does not solve it. Rehabilitati ng offenders was not, she said some wet liberal extra, it is necessary. If people spend any length of time in prison they should not leave without being able to read and write. Self financing prison workshops were the way forward, she said. Something had to be done, said Miss Widdecombe, to change a situation where prisoners were set to work to produce 1.4m pairs of socks for a prison population of 67,000 people. Speaking for the National Association of Prison Officers, Harry Fletcher said that if model prisons run to rehabilitate prisoners and reduce re-offending could be shown to work then they should be taken up nationwide. But he said that the present size of the prison population made him pessimistic that the system could be made to work in such a way. Speaking for the Howard League itself was David Faulkner. Although welcoming Miss Widdecombes words, he said he had heard similar speeches made by ministers and prison officials for the last 40 years. He then attempted to a nswer the question his organisation had posed. Tackling crime requires so much more than incarceration. Policies should be framed within a sound respect for human rights and framed on evidence and experience and not constructed by following populist cries for action, he said. In the past three financial years, however, the three main types of rehabilitation scheme psychological offending behaviour programmes, drug treatment and basic skills education have been funded to the tune of  £213 million, and are set to expand substantially again. Last year, 6,127 inmates completed offending behaviour programmes, more than 11 times as many as in 1994. That figure will rise to 9,000 in 2002. Another 16,000 are being taught numeracy and literacy the basic skills of more than two-thirds of prisoners are so poor they are automatically excluded from 94 per cent of jobs. Research shows that nothing succeeds in preventing recidivism more effectively than employment. ETS is now in use in 79 jails and a similar programme adopted from Canada at another 24. Peer-reviewed research by Caroline Friendship, a Prison Service psychologist, compares 670 inmates who went through these courses with 1,801 offenders matched by offence and social categories who did not attend a programme. All types of offender who had the treatment were significantly less likely to be reconvicted within two years. Among those judged medium-low risk, for example, only 18 per cent were reconvicted, against 32 per cent in the comparison group. The research concludes that prisoners who take the courses in 2002 can be expected to commit 21,000 fewer crimes. The effects of rejecting the bleak nothing works philosophy go beyond the courses themselves, to prison culture as a whole. The rapid spread of offending behaviour, drugs and education programmes, and the increasing involvement of ordinary prison officers in running them, means the old, militaristic ethos is breaking down in many prisons. Smal l signs point up deeper changes most prisoners address their officer tutors by their first names, for example. From the staffs point of view, convicts struggling to overcome dyslexia, or to analyse their worst past actions, are less easily dehumanised. To use a word from a previous era which believed in rehabilitation, albeit through religion, they have begun to appear redeemable. At the same time, as research from Canada has long suggested (see box below), prisoners on programmes are less violent, more sociable, and easier to work with. Im more outgoing, more relaxed, says Dave from the CSCP. And if someone calls me a wanker now, Im OK with it. Thats their opinion, thats all. It doesnt mean everyone thinks that. At Pentonville, all staff, not only those running programmes, attend an awareness course to learn what they entail. You see a prisoner develop, so your attitude to him changes, says officer Steve Oliver after one such session. Hes no longer the prat he was, so you treat him better. When you see a prisoner doing something you never thought he would, its an incredible buzz. There have always been people in the service prepared to treat prisoners decently, Narey says. But sometimes they might have felt they had to treat prisoners decently by stealth. Recently I took a guy into Wormwood Scrubs who had worked with Lord Woolf on his report into the [1990] Strangeways riot. He was astonished at the change. The best testimony comes from prisoners themselves. After 16 years inside, Dave says the changes are palpable. Its much less hostile. The medias constantly saying that society has got so much more violent. The funny thing is, its got less violent in here. Politicians and police officers complain about dropped cases and acquittals in court, but the facts remain that judges and magistrates are much more likely than they were a decade ago to send convicted criminals to prison, and they are awarding longer sentences. The stresses on the prisons are i mmense and they may, in the end, obliterate the good Narey and his staff are trying to do. The effects on the programmes are already being felt. Peter is on his third attempt to settle into the CSCP far from ideal for such a demanding programme. At Ranby, near Nottingham, where he started, the course has been closed altogether; he then moved to Dartmoor, where it met the same fate. He says he knows the course is valuable to him and may indeed be essential for release. But he is being forced to spend a year hundreds of miles from his family in the North. They cant visit me. And believe me, doing this, I could really do with their support. In other jails, overcrowding means prisoners are disappearing from courses just as they get into their stride. This first concern is substantive, that is, whether deterrence-based programmes are effective in reducing crime. Current scientific opinion on an international basis is that punishment through imprisonment does not reduce crime rates and, in some instances, even worsens crime rates. For example, in a recent review of 29 evaluation studies of boot camps, this approach was considered ineffective in reducing crime.1 Analysis2 of 50 studies from 1958, involving nearly 350,000 offenders, showed that prison slightly elevated the risk for recidivism. Also, lower risk offenders tended to be more negatively affected by the prison experience. Therefore, recent research has failed to establish a link between length of prison sentence and recidivism as predicted by deterrence theory. As a product of numerous factors, crime requires varying interventions targeting problem-specific areas. Best practice rehabilitation programmes are those that target factors empirically linked to the risk for re-offending. These include pro-criminal attitudes, problem-solving deficits and creating opportunities for education and employment. Evidence from a wealth of studies shows that the risk for re-offending is modifiable when such progr ammes are delivered. For example, recidivism rates in serious or persistent young offenders can be reduced by 40% in community treatment and 30% in institutional treatment.3 A second concern is methodological, that is, whether the right measures have been used. Incarceration rates should have been computed as the ratio of persons admitted to prison for a particular offence in a given year to the number of persons arrested for that offence in the same year. In this way, the likelihood of the results accurately capturing cross-national differences in the willingness to incarcerate is enhanced. By using number of prisoners in custody on a given day (stock data), the authors have confounded sentence length with imprisonment rates. Stock data often over-represent more serious offenders with longer sentences, with the potential for over-estimation of the propensity to incarcerate in those countries with higher serious crime rates. By contrast, the number of admissions to prison (flo w data) is not affected by the accumulation of more serious offenders, thereby allowing the separation of the propensity to incarcerate from the length of sentence served. For instance, in a comparison of the use of incarceration in US, Canada, Germany and England, Lynch4 found that, in terms of either population-based stock rates or population-based flow rates, the US was several times more likely than any of the countries to incarcerate for homicide, robbery, burglary, and larceny. For homicide, the US was incarcerating 7.5 times and 5.3 times more frequently than England and Germany, respectively. Flow rates based on police arrests revealed a different pattern, showing a broad similarity in the probability of incarceration for the offences. It appears that Saunders and Billante have not adjusted for variations in size of unsentenced prisoners. Failure to make a distinction can affect comparisons of stock-based incarceration rates since not all those held in a prison have been convicted of an offence.5 To minimise bias in comparative studies, police arrests, rather than crimes reported to police, seem to be the most appropriate data to use. One of the reasons for establishing the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) was to provide an alternative mechanism to inaccurate police records on crime. The trends reported have not controlled for differences in the seriousness of crime across the countries compared. Countries could have similar crime rates but the nature of the crimes committed could vary. The ICVS (the fourth round, 2000) reported that ‘there was a higher than average use of weapons in the US, Spain, Scotland and Portugal.6 Guns were used more often in the US and Spain. Without standardising for such variations, it is incorrect to attribute differences in incarceration rates to punitiveness. Therefore, offence-specific analyses provide a better approach. Correlation between crime rates and imprisonment rates A third concern is largely empirical, that is, whether crime rates can necessarily predict imprisonment rates. Simple correlation analyses are insufficient for exploring the complex and multi-dimensional association between crime and incarceration propensity.7,8 Several studies have shown the influence of crime rates on imprisonment rates to be limited.7,9,10 In Canada, where the criminal law is the same across the country but administered provincially, Sprott and Doob 11 found that crime rates did not predict incarceration counts. Numerous and complex factors, such as the organisation of the criminal justice system and reward structure, need to be examined. More detailed analyses are required to substantiate Saunders and Billantes claim that ‘the rate of crime and incidence of punishment are closely associated. Conclusion The observed differences reported by Saunders and Billante in the propensity to incarcerate cross-nationally have been made in terms that are too general to serve as a useful and valid basis for policy guidance. Stringent requirements focusing on more sensitive measures and specific crime categories are critical. Analyses of comparable crimes minimise the effects of variations in crime seriousness cross-nationally, thereby yielding more credible results. Well-designed studies show that deterrence-based programmes are ineffective in reducing crime and the focus should be on developing rehabilitation programmes that do reduce the likelihood of recidivism. The case for Australia adopting the US approach to crime reduction through the use of imprisonment has not been established. It is common sense that the only guarantee of protecting the community from an offender during the period of a sentence is a custodial sentence. It has been calculated that over a quarter of offenders se rving community sentences will have re-offended at least once by the time an offender has served an average length sentence. The majority of offences are minor ones. For offenders who present a risk of serious harm, prison is quite properly used. Prison provides absolute protection from an individual only for the duration of the sentence. This will not always mean protection from crime. It was suggested to the Home Affairs Select Committee in 1998 that demands for drugs from people inside prison results in crime outside. The Home Office collects information on serious offences allegedly committed by offenders under supervision by the Probation service. In 2000, among those serving community sentences 103 convictions for very serious crimes were reported-about one in sixteen hundred of those starting sentences in that year. Better longer- term protection may be provided by community supervision. If prison has not done anything to change offending behaviour, it cannot be said in the long term, to protect the public. If community sentences are effective at weaning offenders away from a criminal lifestyle, they may, in many cases offer the most effective long-term protection of the public. It has been shown that even allowing for selection effects, prisoners released early under parole supervision are reconvicted less than those serving the whole sentence. For the Lord Chief Justice â€Å"many things can be done as far as offenders are concerned without sending them to prison which actually provides better safeguards for the public†. Lord Chief Justice Woolf 27.12.2000. Some community sentences offer more intensive supervision than others. Probation hostels can offer 24 hour monitoring at 50-66%% of the cost of prison. There are just over 100 hostels providing 2,200 places. ISSP for under 18s combines intensive supervision with close monitoring. The community surveillance element of the programme aims to ensure the young offender know that th eir behaviour is being monitored and demonstrate to the wider community that their behaviour is being gripped. ISSP schemes tailor individual packages of surveillance to the risks posed by each offender. They have available either: Tracking by staff members Tagging Voice Verification Intelligence led policing 12 We know from research and statistics that There is no clear relationship between the use of imprisonment and the rate of crime in the UK or internationally. The 12% increase in recorded crime in France between 1987 and 1996 was similar to that in Holland although the percentage rise in the Dutch prison population (143%) was twenty times greater than the French Incapacitation has only a modest effect. If a drug dealer is locked up, another will enter the market. If one of a gang of burglars is locked up the others may well carry on regardless. The Home office estimates that a 15% increase in the prison population produces only a 1% reduction in recorded crime. (Home Office) Properly designed community measures or early interventions are a more cost-effective route to prevention than imprisonment. The American Rand Research Institute found that graduation incentive programmes and community supervision were considerably more cost effective than prison building in reducing crime. People subject to community alterna tives commit no more crimes afterwards than people who have been to prison and in some cases the results are even better. The Home Office say there is no discernible difference between reconviction rates for custody and community penalties. 56% of prisoners discharged from prison and commencing community penalties in 1995 were reconvicted within two years. Reconviction rates do vary by type of order. 2 year rates for probation and combination orders were 59% and 60% respectively considerably higher than the 52% for community service. Reconviction rates for prisoners released after short sentences of up to 12 months were higher (60%) than those for longer term prisoners. Actual re-offending may be higher than that which is measured by reconviction rates. Crude measures of reconviction do not allow distinctions to be made between the seriousness of types of offence. Some individual projects report markedly better rates. The HASC concluded that â€Å"some evidence suggests th at the most successful forms of community sentence can reduce re-offending more effectively than prison.† HASC 1998. Since then, the most effective community supervision programmes have been shown to reduce offending 15% more than a prison sentence. The Wiltshire aggression replacement training programme achieved a 14% difference and the West Midlands sex offender programme reduced overall offending by 22%. Among the individual projects which report better results are Sherborne House and the Ilderton Motor Project in London; C-Far in Devon and two Scottish projects, the Airborne Initiative and Freagaarach. The Home Affairs Select Committee in 1998 found â€Å"the absence of rigorous assessment astonishing†. While the position is getting better, we still do not know as much as we might about effectiveness. As the then Home Secretary Jack Straw said in 1997: â€Å"We know that community sentences can be effective. But we need to ensure that they are consistently ef fective†. Research has confirmed the common sense view that offenders with no legitimate source of income, no settled place to live and or addiction problems are particularly likely to re-offend. Studies (e.g.) have found that a number of social factors affect the likelihood of re-offending. These suggest that successful approaches need to; Get offenders into work. In a comprehensive North American study getting young offenders into work was by some way the most effective way of reducing recidivism (Lipsey et al) Solve accommodation problems. A Home office study found that in Nottinghamshire 44% of those with stable accommodation were reconvicted compared to 62% with unstable accommodation (May 1999) Address and treat drug use. A Home office study found that drug use was highly related to reconviction in all areas; offenders with drug problems were more likely to predict that they would re-offend (ibid) Help with financial problems Research has found some relations hip between debt and reconviction (ibid) For some offenders, approaches are needed which deal with relationship problems and engage the question of peer pressure (ibid) All of these factors are capable of positive resolution through community intervention and likely to be made more problematic by imprisonment. â€Å"Evidence certainly exists to show that imprisonment creates additional challenges when prisoners are released- for example through loss of job or accommodation, or reduced prospects of obtaining either or both. (Home Office 2001). A research study from Scotland found that â€Å"the supervision of offenders in the community can bring about positive changes in behaviour†. (McCivor and Barry 2000). Reconviction rates were lower following the imposition of a probation order than before, the majority of probationers believed that their circumstances had improved since they were on supervision. In the literature on effectiveness, community based programmes hav e shown more positive results than those in custodial settings. (Vennard) This is not surprising given the then Prison Commissioners insight 80 years ago that â€Å"it is impossible to train men for freedom in conditions of captivity†. References 1. Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Lord Chancellor and the Attorney General, Justice for All, Cm 5563, London: 2000, p. 87. 2. Justice for All, p. 87. 3. BBC News: Does Prison Work? â€Å"yes†. Monday, 2 October, 2000, 14:15 GMT 15:15 UK https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2000/conferences/conservatives/953257.stm